I searched the forums and ended up here. After I spoke with Karlach, I realized that this quest is a nice twist on the "One always lies, the other always tells the truth" riddle from childhood, but I agree, there didn't seem to be an obvious question to ask where I could pin down whether Anders or Karlach was the liar ("If I asked the other guy if you're a liar, what would that guy say?" I think is the answer to that riddle, IIRC). Further, there is no "detect lie" spell in this game (Didn't see one in the 5e PHB, either, so that spell might be gone). It didn't occur to me to speak with dead; I think I have a scroll for it. I don't think I put it in my spellbook (wizard). I could try it on one of the dead gnolls and see what they say. Lastly, I was cornered into agreeing to fight on Karlach's behalf when I wanted to fully flesh out the dialog tree before deciding. Personally, I think that is an error.
Another thing that I had hoped for: Astarion was in the party during the conversation and he approved something that occurred in the conversation with Karlach, and the other two in the party (Lae'zel or Shadowheart) were neutral. I'd hoped that, at the least, Astarion would give his two cents on why he approved of me joining the fight on the side of a tiefling; perhaps his "eternal" POV would have given me some more insight on which side to join. Also, given Astarion's issues, how come HE didn't mention that these guys don't seem like paladins?
You know, I just realized while typing this all out that I think I can figure out who the liar is: I was told to pursue a devil with "one horn". Karlach doesn't have one horn. That could be a mistake, or it could be on purpose...holy propoganda to make people fight on the side of "good". It was the first thing I noticed when walking up on Karlach: she didn't have one horn, she had two, and maybe she'd seen the devil with one horn. Turns out they were looking to attack her.
Good idea to put this riddle in the game, but it's incomplete. I guess I will post this in Bugs (or cross link it, if I can)