Astarion is constantly dissapproving of me - really constantly. But he is still in the neutral range. I don't think, it is possible to get a companion so low in approval, that they leave? Probably with the exception of Wyll, who - as I read here, never did that - will leave when you side with the goblins.
No you can, but it's really very difficult. You need to literally play against him and take every opportunity to do so.
Ok, now my life goal is to piss off Astarion

- no, he is not my favorite, but I don't have enough opinion about him to put any effort into him. Maybe I'll give him over to the hunter once to see how that plays out.
I think, if you don't like your companions or like playing solo like bullse here, you can just park the companions in your camp. That way, you can maybe have the conversations, if you feel like it or just have them as background deco.