Are we talking here about the illithid dialogue options, or about the tadpole class combat abilities we get after the illness scene?
Using the dialogue options leads to a number of dreams culminating in feeling like something has changed if you push on past all the dire warnings but I don’t think further consequences are implemented in early access, though I assume they will be in the full game.
I’m actually not sure whether using the combat abilities has a similar effect, or can be done freely once they’re obtained. I tend to forget I have them and haven’t played around much to work this out.