My head canon is that the tadpoles permanently altered Tav/Durge and the companions' brains.
Given how the Netherese magic of the crown caused the elder brain to evolve, I think the same magic in the tadpoles caused changes to Tav/Durge’s brain even after the tadpoles were destroyed.
Destroying the tadpoles would have caused many of the greater abilities to disappear, but with time, I believe Tav could regain some low level psionic abilities.
For anyone who had used the astral tadpole, those changes to the brain would be greater and extend into the body in that “connected” feeling when you first commune with it. After the tadpoles are destroyed, I think that Tav would continue to feel that greater connection to their body, and eventually be able to relearn some of their illithid abilities to a greater extent than if they had not used the astral tadpole. If they continue to develop and strengthen those abilities, some of those physical changes may begin to manifest, specifically, the dark veins would begin to develop as Tav’s body is able to harness more psionic energy.
However, I don’t think those changes would ever be as powerful or as extensive as that of an illithid, but I do think the Netherese magic would have caused a certain degree of evolution.