1. The Strawman. A strawman argument is where a person creates a caricature of the opponents argument and make arguments against the caricature and not actually arguing against what the person you are debating is actually saying.
I believe this dates from a time when straw men were literal things that were used for e.g. bayonet practice and it was observed that it was easier to fight a constructed straw man than an actual person, hence the subsequent application in debating to an artificially constructed version of someone else's position.
Of course I could look up the precise etymology but that would be boring!
